
Supercomputers: Italy ranks sixth and tenth in the 2025 TOP500 rankings.
The world of supercomputers has entered the era of exascale computing. The June 2025 TOP500 ranking recorded three American systems at the top, a sensational debut from Europe, and a notable presence of cloud and industrial installations in the top ten. High-performance computing now concerns not only national laboratories, but also commercial clouds and industrial centers. Supercomputer performance is measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS). In the TOP500 ranking, systems are ranked according to the LINPACK (HPL) test, where the key indicator Rmax reflects the sustainable speed in solving a large system of linear equations. Today, the leaders demonstrate a stable










